[citation needed]. The Presbyterians eventually won control of the Church of Scotland, which went on to have an important influence on Presbyterian churches worldwide, but Scotland retained a relatively large Episcopalian minority.[69]. The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospel, a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine (sola scriptura) and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God's pardon for sin (sola fide) rather than good works. The Counter-Reformation, also called the Catholic Reformation or the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic reforms initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation. Protestants likely formed a majority of Hungary's population at the close of the 16th century, but Counter-Reformation efforts in the 17th century reconverted a majority of the kingdom to Catholicism. The Counter Reformation's Impact on Art | Encyclopedia.com [14], The leaders of the Roman Catholic Church condemned him at the Council of Constance (14141417) and he was burnt at the stake, despite a promise of safe-conduct. [49][50] Ducal Prussia was followed by many imperial free cities and other minor imperial entities. [18] Pope Alexander VI (14921503) was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. In 1666, the Sejm banned apostasy from Catholicism to any other religion, under penalty of death. But if you think modern life is more than an endless bad-tempered argument, you may concede that Luther's Reformation gave us a few useful, if largely, unexpected gifts. Why do you think he points out Walt Whitman's poem so directly? Reformation and Counter Reformation - Historicist.info 270286, Atkinson Fitzgerald "Printing, Reformation and Information Control". He would later in the period 15171521 write works on devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, and later on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and monasticism. The term Counter-Reformationdenotes the period of Catholicrevival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IVin 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648. These Germans raised a Lutheran church in Hafnarfjrur as early as 1533. Catholic Reformation and Counter-Reformation | Encyclopedia.com Although Protestants were excommunicated and ended up worshipping in communions separate from Catholics (contrary to the original intention of the Reformers), they were also suppressed and persecuted in most of Europe at one point. The different character of the English Reformation came rather from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. [53] Frederick's son, Christian, was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his father's death. The Church was omnipresent in early-modern European society. The Deluge, a 20-year period of almost continual warfare, marked the turning point in attitudes. John Wycliffe questioned the privileged status of the clergy which had bolstered their powerful role in England and the luxury and pomp of local parishes and their ceremonies. The Reformation was the start of Protestantism and the split of the Western Church into Protestantism and what is now the Roman Catholic Church. Teter, Magda. The Protestant Reformation was a religious reform movement that swept through Europe in the 1500s. As a result, the Reformation exerted almost no lasting influence in Italy, except for strengthening the Catholic Church and pushing for an end to ongoing abuses during the Counter-Reformation.[79][80]. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate. Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Martin Luther, so some Protestants, such as Landmark Baptists, and the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Petr Chelick, and Girolamo Savonarola. The Church During the Italian Renaissance | Western Civilization Following World War II, the removal of ethnic Germans to either East Germany or Siberia reduced Protestantism in the Warsaw Pact countries, although some remain today. Different reformers arose more or less independently of Luther in 1518 (for example Andreas Karlstadt, Philip Melanchthon, Erhard Schnepf, Johannes Brenz and Martin Bucer) and in 1519 (for example Huldrych Zwingli, Nikolaus von Amsdorf, Ulrich von Hutten), and so on. The desire of many people to read the Bible in the language they spoke at home rather than in Latin. Instead the Catholic Church undertook a long and steady campaign of persuasion. Greater entrepreneurship among religious minorities in Protestant states. It resulted in the creation of a branch of Christianity called Protestantism, a name used collectively to refer to the many religious groups that separated from the Roman Catholic Church due to differences in doctrine. Two churches with Hussite roots are now the second and third biggest churches among the largely agnostic peoples: Czech Brethren (which gave origin to the international church known as the Moravian Church) and the Czechoslovak Hussite Church. His "Ordinances" of 1541 involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the City council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. The Reformation - HISTORY [15] Wycliffe was posthumously condemned as a heretic and his corpse exhumed and burned in 1428. N. [citation needed], The absence of Protestants, however, does not necessarily imply a failure of the Reformation. Mannerism | Boundless Art History | | Course Hero Lower gender gap in school enrollment and literacy rates. The Protestant Reformation - National Geographic Society The former settled in the Vistula Delta where they used their agricultural abilities to turn parts of the delta into plodders. The rulers of the nation stressed political, cultural, and religious unity, and by the time of the Lutheran Reformation, the Spanish Inquisition was already 40 years old and had the capability of quickly persecuting any new movement that the leaders of the Catholic Church perceived or interpreted to be religious heterodoxy. This "Elizabethan Religious Settlement" largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Berne reformer Guillaume (William) Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. [citation needed], The strategy the Catholic Church took towards reconverting the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth differed from its strategy elsewhere. Greater political autonomy increased the likelihood that Protestantism would be adopted. In 1563, the Brest Bible was published (see also Bible translations into Polish). About one person in seventy-five was part of the Church, as a priest, monk, nun, or member of a lay order. During Reformation-era confessionalization, Western Christianity adopted different confessions (Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed, Anglican, Anabaptist, Unitarian, etc.). In 1417, two years after the execution of Jan Hus, the Czech reformation quickly became the chief force in the country. [citation needed]. Prior to Martin Luther and the other Protestant Reformers, there were earlier reform movements within Western Christianity. After the 1526 Battle of Mohcs, the Hungarian people were disillusioned by the inability of the government to protect them and turned to the faith they felt would infuse them with the strength necessary to resist the invader. Although the Thirty Years' War concluded with the Peace of Westphalia, the French Wars of the Counter-Reformation continued, as well as the expulsion of Protestants in Austria. PDF The Unintended Reformation How A Religious Revolution Secularized [57] In 1539, the King sent a new governor to Iceland, Klaus von Mervitz, with a mandate to introduce reform and take possession of church property. It emphasizes that the reaction to the Protestant challenge was the dominant theme of contemporary Catholicism. For this, it took several action such as not allowing more corruption among the members, founded new religious orders to strengthen the institution. For example, author Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total Protestant population of 833,457,000 in 2004. Later on, Socinus and his followers emigrated to Poland. European sovereigns, Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict. An important component of the Catholic Reformation in Poland was education. [95] The following outcomes of the Reformation regarding human capital formation, the Protestant ethic, economic development, governance, and "dark" outcomes have been identified by scholars:[39], Margaret C. Jacob argues that there has been a dramatic shift in the historiography of the Reformation. [30], The Protestant Reformation was a triumph of literacy and the new printing press. This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517, he was not excommunicated by Pope Leo X until January 1521. In 1525 the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights secularised the territory, became Lutheran, and established Lutheranism as the state church. Although Zwinglianism does hold uncanny resemblance to Lutheranism (it even had its own equivalent of the Ninety-five Theses, called the 67 Conclusions), historians have been unable to prove that Zwingli had any contact with Luther's publications before 1520, and Zwingli himself maintained that he had prevented himself from reading them. Central Europe was the site of much of the Thirty Years' War and there were continued expulsions of Protestants in Central Europe up to the 19th century. ", This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 07:49. [citation needed], Hus objected to some of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church and wanted to return the church in Bohemia and Moravia to earlier practices: liturgy in the language of the people (i.e. The context of the Reformation was the strange state of the Catholic Church as of the late fifteenth century. Illustrations in the German Bible and in many tracts popularised Luther's ideas. The wars only concluded when Henry IV, himself a former Huguenot, issued the Edict of Nantes (1598), promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Luther and the Protestant Reformation: Crash Course World History 7.11: Reformation and Counter-Reformation - Humanities LibreTexts Reformation, the, the usual term for the religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs. The greatest geographical extent of Protestantism occurred at some point between 1545 and 1620. Counter-Reformation - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For these intellectuals, the historical quest was thus part of a quest to locate national interests within the broader political and religious changes that took place in Europe, and in Germany in particular. Protestant teachings were smuggled into Spain by Spaniards such as Julin Hernndez, who in 1557 was condemned by the Inquisition and burnt at the stake. [citation needed]. The most famous emigration to America was the migration of Puritan separatists from the Anglican Church of England. At one point in history[when? In Electoral Saxony the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony was organised and served as an example for other states, although Luther was not dogmatic on questions of polity. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II in 1559, which began a prolonged period of weakness for the French crown. The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church, allowing for the development of personal interpretations of the Christian message and leading to the development of modern nation-states.It is considered one of the most important events in Western history. The veneration of some saints, certain pilgrimages and some pilgrim shrines were also attacked. At the time there was a difference . The Counter-Reformation which is also known as Catholic Reformation was known as the era of Catholic Resurgence which started in the response of Protestant Reformation and towards internal revival. The Counter Reformation saw the Church use art, architecture, music and exploration to ensure that Christians understood that only St. Peter and the Church have the key: Rubens. He dramatised Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. Evidence from the well-being effect of unemployment", 11370/edf4c610-0828-4ba7-b222-9ce36e3c58be, "Origins of growth: How state institutions forged during the Protestant Reformation drove development", "The Protestant Ethic and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Religious Minorities from the Former Holy Roman Empire", "Law and Revolution, II Harold J. Berman | Harvard University Press", "the religious roots of modern poverty policy: catholic, lutheran, and reformed protestant traditions compared", "Constitution Day 2021: Mixed Government, Bicameralism, and the Creation of the U.S. Senate", "Printing, Reformation and Information Control", "Printing and Protestants: An Empirical Test of the Role of Printing in the Reformation", "Wittenberg Influences on the Reformation in Scandinavia", "The Wittenberg Reformation as a Media Event", "The Reformation and 'The Disenchantment of the World' Reassessed", Internet Archive of Related Texts and Documents, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, An ecumenical official valuation by Lutherans and Catholics 500 years later, To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of ChristAgainst the Fanatics, Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII, Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary, Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reformation&oldid=1142768950, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2015, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015, Articles needing translation from German Wikipedia, Articles to be expanded from September 2021, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from January 2019, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Czech reformer and university professor Jan Hus (c. 13691415) became the best-known representative of the Bohemian Reformation and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. A belief that forgiveness comes only from God rather than from a combination of faith and good deeds. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. From a Catholic perspective, the Second Vatican Council called for an end to the Counter-Reformation. Anabaptist movements were especially persecuted following the German Peasants' War. Until the 1960s, historians focused their attention largely on the great leaders and theologians of the 16th century, especially Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. During the Reformation era Protestantism was unsuccessful in Portugal, as its spread was frustrated for similar reasons to those in Spain. [9] Some crypto-Protestants have been identified as late as the 19th century after immigrating to Latin America.[10]. The Protestant Reformation was a sixteenth century religious movement that attempted to reform and diminish the powers of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe, but that later created another branch of religion, Protestantism. Unintended Reformation How A Religious Revolution Secularized Society Pdf by online. While in the middle of the 16th century the nobility mostly sent their sons abroad for education (the new German Protestant universities were important in this regard), by the mid-1600s the nobility mostly stayed home for education. The initial movement in Germany diversified, and other reformers arose independently of Luther such as Zwingli in Zrich and John Calvin in Geneva. As a result, some of them lived as crypto-Protestants, also called Nicodemites, contrary to the urging of John Calvin, who wanted them to live their faith openly. Calvinism developed through the Puritan period, following the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, and within Wales' Calvinistic Methodist movement. The early Puritan movement (late 16th17th centuries) was Reformed (or Calvinist) and was a movement for reform in the Church of England. [citation needed]. Protestant Reformation - World History Encyclopedia The Augustinianism of the Reformers struggled against Pelagianism, a heresy that they perceived in the Catholic Church of their day. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Back then, Slovakia used to be a part of the Kingdom of Hungary. It is also considered to be one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe.[2]. In general, the Reformers argued that salvation in Christianity was a completed status based on faith in Jesus alone and not a process that requires good works, as in the Catholic view. He was asked to recant (to disavow) his writings at the Diet of Worms (an unfortunate name for a council held by the Holy Roman Emperor in the German city of Worms). Income differences between Protestants and Catholics. Regions that were poor but had great economic potential and bad political institutions were more likely to adopt Protestantism. The presence of monasteries made the adoption of Protestantism less likely. The first two Lutheran martyrs were monks from Antwerp, Johann Esch and Heinrich Hoes, who were burned at the stake when they would not recant. Unrest due to the Great Schism of Western Christianity (13781416) excited wars between princes, uprisings among the peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the Church, especially from John Wycliffe at Oxford University and from Jan Hus at the Charles University in Prague. The name, though long in use among Protestanthistorians, has only recently been introduced into Catholichandbooks. Poland Counter Reformation Movement Analysis Essay In parts of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, a majority sympathised with the Radical Reformation despite intense persecution. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish reformation. The Counter-Reformation was Roman Catholicism's response to the Protestant Reformation. Even though the majority of the nobility were Catholic circa 1700, Protestants remained in these lands and pockets of Protestantism could be found outside the German-speaking lands of the former PolishLithuanian Commonwealth into the 20th century. Despite these wars against Protestant, Orthodox, and Muslim neighbours, the Confederation of Warsaw held with one notable exception. In the early 16th century, Spain had a different political and cultural milieu from its Western and Central European neighbours in several respects, which affected the mentality and the reaction of the nation towards the Reformation. The Thirty Years' War began in 1618 and brought a drastic territorial and demographic decline when the House of Habsburg introduced counter-reformational measures throughout their vast possessions in Central Europe. Their descendants are still there, such as the Sub-Carpathian Reformed Church. historians believe that the era of the Reformation came to a close when Catholic France allied itself with Protestant states against the Habsburg dynasty. Higher public spending on schooling and better educational performance of military conscripts. 3 surprising ways the Reformation changed the world | CNN The Protestant Reformation Essay - 1242 Words | Bartleby For a more complete list, see the list of states by the date of adoption of the Reformation and the table of the adoption years for the Augsburg Confession. ", Walsham, Alexandra. The Reformation in Scotland's case culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2018. The end of the sale of indulgences. [citation needed]. The Reformation first entered Poland through the mostly German-speaking areas in the country's north. The Peace of Augsburg was later broken by, The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that. Reformers in the Church of England alternated, for decades, between sympathies between Catholic tradition and Reformed principles, gradually developing, within the context of robustly Protestant doctrine, a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Catholic and Protestant traditions. Which statement Best describes what happened if a German prince decided a state was Catholic in the late 1500s? Gudziak, Borys A. Luxembourg, a part of the Spanish Netherlands, remained Catholic during the Reformation era because Protestantism was illegal until 1768. Various interpretations emphasise different dates, entire periods, or argue that the Reformation never really ended. In Knigsberg (now Kaliningrad), in 1530, a Polish-language edition of Luther's Small Catechism was published. The Counter-Reformation was a religious and political movement that. The Reformation also spread widely throughout Europe, starting with Bohemia, in the Czech lands, and, over the next few decades, to other countries. The quality of the new Catholic schools was so great that Protestants willingly sent their children to these schools. In 1558 the Transylvanian Diet of Turda decreed the free practice of both the Catholic and Lutheran religions, but prohibited Calvinism. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The study argues that these social ties contributed more to the Reformation's early breakthroughs than the printing press. [3] The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular.