% a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. a. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Wim . A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. What is what? /F3 23 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB >> /Tabs /S << /ExtGState << Everything you always wanted to know. Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the 3,000 & 10,000 \\ -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people . /F4 24 0 R 5,000 & 8,000 \\ >> >> -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] students and group work, are you assertive? Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. /Subtype /TrueType endobj 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ Some pieces of information have a disproportionately largeinfluence on the shaping of the whole, Central traits: traits that have a disproportionate impact on overall impressions, Peripheral traits: traits that have little impact on overall impressions. -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Group /Name /F2 [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /ExtGState << The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. /ExtGState << A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. q*15Q[7t. Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 2 0 R Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? /FontDescriptor 365 0 R endobj 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] /Group << /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. >> << 21 0 obj /Resources << Gordon . /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. << makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. -Conformity: . Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. The nave scientist and attribution theory Further information: Attribution theory Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /Type /StructTreeRoot endobj /Annotation /Sect /FirstChar 32 /GS7 27 0 R /Font << /Footer /Sect Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. Barr . /GS8 28 0 R If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? 11 0 obj /F1 21 0 R /ExtGState << >> 1,000 & 12,000 2 . According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. /Type /Page [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /Keywords (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture;Fiske;2nd Edition;Test Bank) /F3 23 0 R What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? /Chart /Sect /MarkInfo << /ParentTreeNextKey 13 How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R What characteristics of the messenger increase persuasiveness? /GS7 27 0 R 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. /Tabs /S Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. To install click the Add extension button. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. not only vary in content but in structure too in terms of the intra-category >> based on similarity. The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. -Not enough information: one-shot exposure, fundamental attribution error (the person's fault not ours). endobj >> Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B First proposed by Fritz Heider in 1958, the Nave scientist model [3] of cognition conceptualizes individuals as actors with limited information that want to derive an accurate understanding of the world. /RoleMap 18 0 R Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. /F6 26 0 R In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] ->Eastern: connectedness, harmony, commonality, holistic thinking, duties and obligations. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. What is in-group bias? basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. << 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 /Type /Page /F4 24 0 R Rectilinear motion The height above ground (in feet) of a ball thrown vertically into the air is given by. We'll bring you back here when you are done. /Group << /GS8 28 0 R /F1 21 0 R >> (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". 7,000 & 6,000 \\ Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. /Type /Group Kruglanski said people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies based on current goals or needs, people are motivated tacticians. >> [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. /Type /Page This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." 1 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R >> /Type /Group >> >> endobj According to conspiracy theorists, the actress Megan Fox has died and been replaced by lookalikes - not once, but twice (Credit: Getty Images) One, somewhat humbling, explanation is that we are all. /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. >> Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? 15 0 obj What percentage showed complete compliance? The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. Introducing Cram Folders! endobj Voters use small amounts of personal information to construct a narrative about candidates. 10 0 obj Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making.